Sex Linked Diseases free essay sample

Acid Maltase Deficiency: It is an autosomal recessive disorder, in which the defect is in the gene for the acid maltase enzyme, which leads to accumulation of glycogen stored in muscles. Glycogen build up, weakens the muscles of a patient suffering from this disorder. This may affect respiratory muscles resulting in respiratory failure. It is also known as the  Pompe Disease. Although, in childhood and adolescence the symptoms show slow progress and are less severe, infantile forms cause death within first year, if not treated on time. Albinism: Albinism is a congenital disorder in which there is little or completely no production of melanin in hair, skin and iris of the eyes. Hence albinos (people suffering from albinism) have light colored skin, hair and eyes. It is caused due to inheritance of recessive alleles from parents. This disorder cant be cured. However, the symptoms can be alleviated with the help of surgical treatment, vision aids and using device that provide protection from sun. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Linked Diseases or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Alzheimers Disease: Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia which is characterized by gradual memory loss, irritability, mood swings, confusion and language breakdown. Although, scientists are not unequivocal about the cause of this disease, the most widely accepted reason is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, that suggests excess production of a small protein fragment called ABeta (A? ). Also known as Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimers, this is a degenerative disease and scientists are yet to find its cure. However, balanced diet, mental exercises and stimulation are often suggested for prevention and managing of the disease. Angelman syndrome: It is a neurological disorder that was first described by a British pediatrician, Dr. Harry Angelman, in 1965. This disorder is marked by intellectual and developmental delays, severe speech impairment and problems in movement and balance, recurrent seizures and small heads. Children with Angelman syndrome typically have a happy demeanor. They are hyperactive with short attention span and show jerky hand movements. These children appear normal at birth. This genetic disorder in human is a classical case of genetic imprinting, in which the disorder is caused due to deletion or activation of the maternally inherited chromosome 15. Its sister syndrome is the Prader-Willi syndrome in which there is a similar loss or inactivation of the paternally inherited chromosome 15. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: It is a pleiotropic recessive genetic disorder that is characterized by obesity, polydactyly, deterioration of rod and cone cells, mental retardation and defect in the gonads and kidney disease. It is difficult to diagnose Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, specially in the young. As no cure is yet known for the disorder, treatment is concentrated on specific organs and systems. Barth Syndrome: A rare but serious sex linked genetic disorder, the Barth syndrome is caused due to mutations or alterations in the BTHS gene. The gene is located on the long arm of X chromosome. This disorder primarily affects the heart. Besides heart defects, Barth syndrome results in poor skeletal musculature, short stature, mitochondrial abnormalities and deficiency of white blood cells. There is no cure for this disorder. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and preventing infections. Bipolar Disorder: Also known as manic depressive disorder or bipolar affective disorder, individuals suffering from bipolar disorder suffer from highly elevated moods, referred to as mania or episodes of severe depression. Research shows that both genetic as well as environmental factors are responsible for this disorder. Medicines as well as psychotherapy is found to be useful in dealing with the severe mood swings associated with the disorder. Jackson-Weiss Syndrome: It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which there are foot abnormalities, and premature fusion of bones in the skull lead to deformations of the facial features (widely spaced eyes, bulging forehead) and the skull. In this syndrome, the great toes are short and wide and turn away from the rest of the toes. Some toes may be fused or have some other abnormalities. The mutation is caused in the FGFR2 gene which is located in chromosome 10. Treatment involves corrective surgery for deformed bones in face and foot. Klinefelter Syndrome: It is the most common sex linked genetic disorder. In which males have an extra X chromosome. Hence ,this disorder is also known as  47, XXY  or  XXY syndrome. The most common symptom is infertility. Besides this, males with the XXY syndrome have impaired physical, language and social developments. As these individuals produce less testosterone than other males, such teenagers may be less muscular and have less facial hair than their peers. The presence of the extra X chromosome cant be undone.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Selling Essays

Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Selling Essays Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Selling Paper Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Selling Paper Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Selling: Perspectives of Both Tourism Operators and Tourists The growth of the internet has made direct selling easier and faster for both tour operators and tourists. According to Frost (2004) the fascination with new technology has changed the way tourism providers interact and trade with their customers. The primary focus for this essay is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of direct selling for travel and tour management. In this essay, the perspectives of both tourism operators and tourists will be considered. This essay will be presented in four sections. The first section will outline direct selling and identify the users of direct selling. The second section will discuss the advantages and disadvantages for a tourist using direct selling. The third section will discuss the advantages and disadvantages for a tourism provider using direct selling. Finally, the essay will be concluded summarising the key advantages and disadvantages for direct selling. In the past, travel agents have been an intermediary for tourists and tourism sellers. Travel agents have been used by tourists to access a wide range of tourism service providers; likewise tourism providers have used travel agents to gain access to numerous customers (Frost, 2004). Due to the extreme competition in the tourism industry, tourism providers are looking to cut costs in order to win over customers with lower prices. This is currently being done by cutting down on the commission costs payed to intermediary such as travel agents and introducing direct selling. In recent years the rapid growth and vast accessibility of the internet has allowed the transition to direct selling to take over. The internet creates availability and accessibility for tourists and tourism providers to do business while providing equivalent information at a lower cost than a travel agent can (Bennett Lai, 2005). Moreover, Frost (2004) identifies four methods of direct selling other than the internet where tourism businesses are able to get in contact and do business with tourists, these include: use of the telephone, increased use of credit cards, the development of call centres and the development of customer loyalty programs. Each of these function have the ability to facilitate direct selling and put the tourism seller directly in touch with the purchaser. However, for many tourism businesses, airlines in particular, the internet has become the primary method for direct selling (Law Leung, 000, as cited in Frost, 2004) Tourism businesses are generally able to easily create their own websites on the internet to attract, interact and make transactions with potential tourists without using an agent. According to Bennett and Lai (2005) the internet has given tourism providers such as hotels the opportunity to cut out intermediaries by providing facilities for direct booking via their websites. Hotels and airlines are service providers who make notable use of direct selling over the internet. According to Howard and Harris (2001) travel products are one of the most popular products and services available on the internet as they do not require the customer to feel, smell, try on or test before purchasing and the product does not need to be sent to the buyer. Many tourism businesses provide the opportunity to purchase tourism products or services directly via their websites. A study by Dolnicar and Laesser (2007) revealed that 64. 4% Swiss tourists purchase tickets for scheduled flights departing from local airports directly from suppliers in comparison to 35. % who purchase from travel agents, similarly only 33. 2% of Swiss tourists purchase tickets for ships and cruises from travel agents. This data shows that many tourists are moving away from the traditional use of travel agents and further towards direct purchasing. Webber and Wesley (1999) found that the types of tourists most likely to be using the internet to purchase directly form tourism sellers are usually between the ages of 26 and 55, have high incomes, are employed in management, professional or computer related positions and have more experience on the internet. However it is important to note here that this research was conducted in 1999 and results today may differ. A tourist will experience advantages when purchasing tourism products and services directly from the seller. The most apparent advantage that a tourist encounters is lower cost. As the seller is not required pay commissions to an intermediary, products and services become cheaper and the tourist will benefit from the lower cost. The availability of cheaper tourism products is a certain advantages for tourists. As the purchase is often a high involvement purchase, tourists tend to shop around for the best available offers. The introduction of direct selling has forced prices in the tourism industry down therefore creating more competition for sellers but better prices for buyers. Direct selling has also allowed the industry of low cost airlines to evolve and create greater savings and advantages for tourist. Dolnicar and Laesser (2007) found that direct selling over the internet also allows tourists to communicate with suppliers regarding information about the product or service and allows them to make transactions at any time and any place. For many tourists the convenience of direct selling online is a key advantage. The ability to purchase at all hours of the day and night and from any where in the world is one of the significant attractions to online direct selling. Many tourists work long hours and are not able to get to a travel agent during open hours; this feature of convenience is a huge incentive to book directly with supplier. There are also disadvantages tourists experience when using the internet to purchase directly from sellers. According to Frost (2004) the internet is considered by some to be: impersonal, inflexible, frustrating, not always convenient, not always available and risky. Frost (2004) explains that many people would prefer to talk to a real person when planning travel rather than a computer screen, as people value the reassurance of personal advice. Many tourists appreciate the independence of an intermediary who does not work for the supplier and will give true, unbiased advice. Intermediaries such as travel agents are able to make tourists feel comfortable when purchasing tourism products as they are able to offer lots of different options from many suppliers. Frost (2004) also identifies that for some people the internet can be difficult to use as some websites do not allow certain people to access it and may lack the information required to complete bookings. Some websites of tourism suppliers are confusing to use as they may use technical language and have too much information. People who do not use the internet as frequently as others often have difficulties with making bookings online. Therefore, tourists often prefer to use a travel agent or intermediaries as they are able to perform all of the difficult and time consuming tasks that the tourist can not. According to Frost (2004) some tourists acting as their own travel agent risk losing the accuracy, knowledge and speed that an agent offers. Travel agents are specially trained in understanding the industry and are available for tourists to use to gain information from. The final disadvantage experienced by tourists to be discussed is the risk of fraud. According to Frost (2001) many tourists have concerns when purchasing online and giving out personal information such as credit card details. It is a well known fact that some people do experience fraudulent behaviour when spending money online. This can be a high risk that a tourist takes when purchasing from an unknown supplier. This disadvantage of purchasing directly from a supplier may prevent some tourists from utilising this facility and choosing to use a trusted agent. When tourism suppliers sell directly to the tourist, the seller will also experience advantages and disadvantages. The foremost advantage experienced by a supplier selling to a tourist involves lower costs. These lower costs are often experienced due to the reduction in costs of commissions and distribution costs. Dolnicar and Laesser (2007) complement these advantages by including higher revenues and a larger potential market to the advantages of a supplier selling via a webpage or directly to the tourist. Bennett and Lai (2005) found that suppliers reduce costs by cutting out the ‘middleman’ or intermediaries such as travel agents. As previously discussed, travel agents and intermediaries work based on the commission paid to them by the seller for selling to tourists on their behalf. By cutting out the intermediary and selling directly to the tourist, large savings can be made by the tourism supplier. These cost reduction will not only increase revenues, but allow the tourism supplier to be more competitive within the industry. Further advantages of supplying online include the little to no capital investment required and the effectiveness of promotion and distribution through video clips, virtual tours and images (Bennett and Lai, 2005). Websites make communicating with tourists cost and time effective with online contact facilities such as online bookings email responses. Sellers are also able to provide all required information on the web page including frequently asked questions so that the buyer does not have to contact the supplier. The use of images and videos provide more depth to what the tourist is purchasing and allows the tourist to interpret the information. According to Bennett and Lai (2005) some suppliers, airlines in particular, benefit from direct selling as the internet reduces the cost of producing tickets. As tickets booked online are all created electronically, the supplier saves in the costs of printing the ticket and distributing the ticket. Further research has found that suppliers are choosing to improve their service by creating customer loyalty programs that allows the business to keep record of past users (Bennett Lai, 2005). These customer loyalty programs not only benefit tourist, but they allow the supplier to keep a close eye on where and when the customer is travelling. Once the tourism busiesses knows who the customer is they are able to target them with promotions for future travel. This shows that if the seller was not directly in touch with the tourist, their customer knowledge would be limited and future promotion would be more difficult. Common customer loyalty programs in the tourism industry include frequent flyer programs and hotel rewards clubs. These loyalty programs usually reward customers for repeat business with discounts, perks and upgrades therefore encourages the customer to continue to use the business. The disadvantages of suppliers selling directly to tourists have also been considered. These disadvantages include the costs of maintaining websites and support facilities whilst trying to keep the tourism business running. Many tourism busiesses, particularly smaller businesses find it easier to leave the sales and customer service duties to experienced agents so that they are free to do what they do best. Although most large tourism organisations such as airlines have developed departments especially for direct selling, smaller businesses such as tour operators may not have the capacity or facilities to conduct direct business with tourists. Dolnicar and Laesser (2007) found that the costs in maintaining websites, the use of information technology support and the usage of internet channels often becomes costly to some tourism businesses. It is important for the tourism supplier to ensure that websites are constantly up dated and all applications and purchasing functions are working properly and easy for the tourist to use. In addition, the tourism supplier must ensure that the business is advertised in the best possible media outlet to guarantee high customer coverage. In conclusion, this essay has revealed that the growth of the internet is allowing communication between tourists and tourism sellers to be much easier and widely available. Key advantages for tourist purchasing tourism products through directly include lower purchasing costs and the convenience of purchasing from any where at any time. However the disadvantages of purchasing directly include the lack of personalisation and trust, the inconvenience of time wastage and the risk of fraud. Key advantages of tourism businesses selling directly to busiesses involve the reduction of costs paid to intermediaries and an increase in customer loyalty. However disadvantages to tourism businesses include higher competition and the costs of maintaining websites. This essay has shown that although direct selling and the internet and is steering customers away from the use of intermediaries such as travel agents, there are still many advantages and disadvantages to both suppliers and tourists when doing business together. References: Bennett, M. M. Lai. C. K. (2005). The impact of the internet on travel agencies in Taiwan. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6(1), 8-23. Frost, W. (2004). Travel and tour management, Melbourne: Hospitality Press. Howard, J. Harris, R. (2001). The Australian travel agency (3rd Ed. ). Roseville, N. S. W: McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia. Dolnicar, S. Laesser, C. (2007). Travel agency marketing strategy: insights from Switzerland. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 133-146. DOI:10. 1177/0047287507299573 Webber, K. Wesley, R. (1999). Profiling people searching for and purchasing travel products on the World Wide Web. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 291-298.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY As we all know that an essay is a form of short piece of writing that is created to share authors point of view. An essay is a pedagogical tool used to teach and to improve students writing skills. One of the most common and widely-used essays is descriptive essay. Descriptive essay can be categorized as the type of academic writing that majorly focused on picking up of sensory sort of details. Â  Sensory details mean an authors perception like getting and understanding the sensory information. Sensory information is obtained through physiological capabilities of the body and processed through mind perception. By describing your own sensory perception in the descriptive essay, you are appealing to the readers. You major goal is to draw in the reader’s attention through his emotional, physical and intellectual involvement. While writing your descriptive essay, consider your audience, focus on getting the strong impression, use variety of linguistic descriptive tools to receive audience reaction. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Writing descriptive essay is an academic skill that requires some practice. The major knowledge about descriptive essay is actual knowing exactly what this type of writing requires. Initially, descriptive type of essay implies the excessive use of description methods. Prepare your mind to give the reader a full picture of the events that took place. Think of yourself as a reporter that is here to provide detailed descriptions of all things that happened at the specific time. By giving a full picture that may include momentary face expressions of participants or eminent gestures, the reader will be able to create a picture in his mind that is proven to fit the reality of description by 99%. To open up a secret to you, while many people agree that the information is perceived by the mind, but the actual information processing oftentimes is being conducted with the help of our subconscious mind as well. That is the reason that stands behind a good descriptive essay that is able to show all events in a format of descriptive writing to all readers in the same manner.

Reflection 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection 7 - Essay Example The writer says that some foodies are prone to be outraged to the mention of raising pigs inhumanly. Ironically and remarkably, they tend to show little or no interest to inhumane working conditions their employees work in as they prepare the pork. Employees are entitled to safe working environment, better wages, no discriminations and a free working zone. Unfortunately, some companies are mindful of their returns solely. Workers thus suffer a lot. I also gathered a vast knowledge of the existence of trade unions and their roles To ensure that worker’s rights are respected; there have been the establishments of various labor unions (Kohn). These organizations advocate for better wages of workers in foodies. They also inspect the working conditions of the employees to ensure that they are safe. For instance, Whole Food has for a long time been subjected to severe scrutiny after being accused of labor abuses and also union busting. According to Kohn, the Coalition of Immokalee was able to bargain for a pay increase of its workers by 75% by the year 2005. Employees deserve better rights in their place of work. It is only wise for foodies to help them in fighting for their rights. It is inevitable that in the case of consumers eating low-quality food; they will outburst with complaints. They must help the workers in this fight. The unions must also aid in this

BIM (BUILDING Information Modeling ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BIM (BUILDING Information Modeling ) - Essay Example The two kinds of BIM software are authoring software and coordination software (Solibri, n.p). BIM process involves building design that require collaboration through computer models and not disjoints drawing sets. Through the use of BIM, digital representations of buildings are made available and used for decision making, first class production of construction documents, building planning, and predictions of performance and cost estimates (Solibri, n.p). BIM is employed in modeling and not drawing (Solibri, n.p). Modeling permits the designers to see the building and its parts from numerous angles. In addition, clash detection in the design phase allows designers to identify faults and correct them prior to commencement the building (McNell, 9). Early errors detection implies that costs involved in on-site correction are eliminated. Coordination is emphasized and facilitated by BIM through the use of a data repository where team members easily access information to confirm questiona ble aspects like building elements’ compatibility with the rest of the building. Through BIM cloud, BIM models by different team members can easily be viewed and edited and the consequences of each action made accessible to all model users (McNell 9). BIM is used to provide precise inclusion and modeling of prices and upgrading of bids and project pricing accuracy. Through the visualization designs, clients can verify design intention and sharedknowledge through virtual design and construction then strengthens client’s satisfaction. 2.0. BIM management Although BIM reinforces construction team members’ collaboration through the use of a shared information database to create a virtual model, there is heated debate over the management of BIM (AUGI, n.p). The ownership of BIM is left to DDC or the department of Design and construction. The model ownership is extended to include all inventions, designs, ideas, and methods contained inside the model. DDC reveals that peripheral users like contractors and consultants are only granted short lived use of BIM which terminates with the completion of the project and all copies of BIM copies have to be returned to DDC (AUGI, n.p). Basically, the project models contained in BIM from pre-conception to completion belong to DDC while project team owns just the idea. BIM teams include architects, designers, engineers and contractors and owners. The owner submits his or her request for service to the architect (AUGI, n.p). The architect then validates the request before designing the building. The architect provides the engineer with the building model and the engineer then uses computer aided design 3D visualization and modeling through Revit and creates 3D design or imports ordinary 2D drawings that have 3D information to establish perfect renderings from 3D (McNell, 15). Using BIM, designers investigate substitute notions; carry out value engineering and come up with finest designs. The contractors then revise the documented construction before commencement of physical construction. From the model, project owners are then involved in project aspects since they gain immediate and vast information which is formatted to satisfy their needs. 3.0. BIM practice BIM process involves four main stages which are design, build, operation and maintenance. The BIM model life cycle begins with the request from the owners. At first, the owners do not have sufficient information on what the final product will have (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks and Liston,

Effects of GABA on Anxiety Disorder

Effects of GABA on Anxiety Disorder Keywords: Anxiety, Moringa pudding, HIV/AIDS, GABA.   Indonesias first case of HIV was reported in 1987 and between then and 2009, 3,492 people died from the disease (Fred, 2012). Of the 11,856 cases reported in 2008, 6,962 of them were people under 30 years of age, including 55 infants under 1 year old (Seligson and Peterson, 2010). There are a high number of concentrated cases among Indonesias most at risk including injection drug users (IDUs), sex workers their partners and clients, homosexual men and infants who contract the disease through the womb or from being breast fed (Chris, 2012). In the last 15 years, HIV/AIDS has become an epidemic in Indonesia. The highest concentration areas are Papua, Jakarta, East Java, West Java, Bali and Riau and all are considered to be zones that need immediate attention. Due to the increasing number of IDUs, the number of new infections has grown rapidly since 1999. Moreover, a generalised epidemic is already under way in the provinces of Papua and West Papua, where a population based survey found an adult-prevalence rate of 2.4% in 2006 (Broman, 2009). A whopping 48% of Papuans are unaware of HIV/AIDS, and the number of AIDS cases per 100,000 people in the two provinces is almost 20 times the national average. The percentage of people who reported being unaware of HIV/AIDS increases to 74% among uneducated populations in the region (Braet et al., 2007). (The epidemic in Indonesia is one of the fastest growing among HIV/AIDS in Asia. The epidemic of injecting drug use continues to be the primary mode of transmission, accounting for 59% of HIV infections, and heterosexual transmission accounted for 41% in 2006. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, recent surveys report that more than 40% of IDUs in Jakarta have tested positive for HIV, and about 13% tested positive in West Java. Many IDUs sell sex to finance their drug habits. Yet in 2005, 25% of IDUs in Bandung, Jakarta, and Medan said they had unprotected paid sex in the last 12 months (Baxter, 2010). The Indonesian archipelago stretches more than 3,000 miles along the Equator. Cultural practices and levels of urbanization have an impact on the HIV/AIDS epidemic (Fredrickson et al., 2008). For instance, a culture of paid and transactional sex among young men and women aged 15 to 24 has been a driving factor in Papua. Among 15 to 24 year olds, HIV-prevalence rates were 3% in 2006, according to the Ministry of Health (Hunter and . Prevalence rates among sex workers in East Javas major urban areas ranged from 9% in Surabaya to 16% in Malang and Probolinggo in 2004 (Haruddin, 2012). Numerous factors put Indonesia in danger of a broader epidemic. Risky sexual behaviors are common. Only 54.7% of sex workers and 56.5% of men who have sex with men (MSM) use condoms consistently, and just 18.5 percent of IDUs consistently use both sterile needles and condoms, according to Indonesias 2006 report to the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS). Many IDUs are also sex workers or clients of sex workers, increasing the likelihood of HIV/AIDS spreading to the general population. Awareness of HIV status among at-risk populations is low. According to a 2004-2005 study cited in the UNGASS report, 18.1% of IDUs, 15.4% of MSM, 14.8% of sex workers, and 3.3% of clients of sex workers had received HIV testing in the previous 12 months and knew their test results (Hoshi et al., 2007). Stigma and discrimination persist and many people living with HIV hide their status for fear of losing their jobs, social status, and the support of their families and communities, thus decreasing the likelihood that they will receive proper treatment and increasing the chances of HIV spreading undetected. Feelings of anxiety are a normal, healthy response to the diagnosis, onset, or progression of HIV infection (Daniel et al., 2009). But its important to recognize the difference between this type of anxiety and the sort that signals a clinical disorder. HIV itself does not cause anxiety disorders, but HIV+ people tend to experience more anxiety than the general population. Certain medications used to treat HIV can also cause anxiety symptoms. Fortunately, anxiety disorders are among the most treatable of psychiatric conditions, and respond well to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment (Phillipe and Cella, 2009). Among HIV/AIDS-infected patients receiving medical care, 20.3% have been found to have an anxiety disorder, with 12.3% meeting the criteria for panic disorder, 10.4% for PTSD, and 2.8% having generalized anxiety disorder (Nevid, 2012). People living with HIV can experience symptoms of anxiety across the spectrum of anxiety disorders. Adjustment disorder is the most common psychiatric disorder that manifests as anxiety, and is common after receiving an HIV diagnosis (Gropen et al., 2011). The other major types of anxiety disorder are panic disorder and agoraphobia, social phobia and other phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), acute stress disorder and anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition (McDowell and Newell, 1999). HIV+ people experience some anxiety disorders, such as OCD, no more frequently than those who do not have the virus (Post and White, 2004). But the experience of having HIV can prompt or exacerbate other disorders, such as PTSD, especially when someone has an underlying risk for them. Anxiety can present in a variety of ways, including shortness of breath, chest pain, racing heart, dizziness, numbness or tingling, nausea or the sensation of choking. When there are no underlying medical explanations for these symptoms, clinicians are advised to consider an anxiety disorder as the cause (Ruggert and Warner, 2001). Anxiety disorders can seem to flare up at key moments in the experience of HIV disease, such as at the time of initial HIV diagnosis, diagnosis with an opportunistic infection, a declining CD4 count or a blip in viral load, or any other reminder of ongoing HIV infection. Its helpful to recognize that these experiences may trigger anxiety, even symptoms of panic disorder and depression, for an HIV+ person. Besides the discomfort of anxiety disorders, they can interfere in an HIV+ persons overall success in managing HIV because they are a major cause of nonadherence to medication (Post and White, 2004). There is a main question What are appropriate treatments for an HIV+ person suffering from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety is portrayed as a frame of mind concerned about future in association with preparation for possible, upcoming undesirable happenings. The present treatment for the disorder is having a lot of side-effects. An agent with good therapeutic effect and less side-effects is needed for the treatment of anxiety. State Hospital of Waluyo Jati has found an innovation through Nutri Moringa Pudding on decreasing of anxiety level in HIV/AIDS-infected patients. To investigate the Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) extract of Moringa oleifera Pudding in HIV/AIDS-infected patients. It showed by statistic result by paired sample t-test (SPSS) t. 0.0008, it means P The research subject is determined by the purposive sampling and it was conducted on HIV/AIDS patient. A pretest with the anxieties scale (Nevid, 2012) followed by first group (n=50), then selected a sample that has the highest anxiety score (n=30) and they will be the subjects and treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding for a week. Post-test be held a week after treated. Fixed schedule of moringa pudding consumption be done 3 times a day.       nonR 01 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  (x) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  02 The Anxiety Scale by Nevid input form consists of 30 vignette like questions designed to rate 3 aspects such as emotional, cognitive, and physiologic of subjects in terms of severity and role in the core character. The questions are clustered in matrix format across three core character types, namely Types A, B, and C. By referencing the strength of scores related to their type domain characteristics, the likely triggers and expressions of maladaptive behavior is identified, which can be applied to a variety of settings and objectives. The matrix structure and associated characteristics are illustrated in Diagram 1 below. Tabel-1. Anxiety Scale Item Scale Favorable Unfavorable DISCUSSION There Anxiety disorders are a serious concern for HIV+ people who dont have good coping strategies and a strong social support network, such as family, friends, or a faith community. Individuals with a history of abuse physical, sexual, emotional are more likely to have an anxiety disorder (Daniels, 2010) People who have unresolved grief, whatever the source, should be screened for anxiety. Those with a personal or family history of anxiety disorders also are at higher risk for developing them. A person with HIV who appears to have symptoms of an anxiety disorder should be given a thorough medical evaluation that includes taking a history of anxiety symptoms to determine onset, frequency, and severity/ anxiety scale (Strongman, 2012). The interviewing clinician should ask about stressful life events, family history, drug and alcohol use (past and present), and any medications the patient is taking (Lee, 2008). Kennedy et al. (2010) explainded that a complete diagnostic evaluation includes testing thyroid, liver, and kidney function, and evaluating for other psychiatric disorders associated with comorbid anxiety (e.g., depression). Certain neuropsychiatric disorders that are common in people with advanced HIV disease (AIDS) must be ruled out before diagnosing anxiety, particularly HIV-associated dementia which can include anxiety. Delirium also commonly features anxiety and agitation. Its especially important to treat the delirium and avoid using anti anxiety medications, which can have serious adverse affects (Jocham and Ullsperger, 2009). A host of general medical conditions are associated with anxiety and must also be ruled out during the diagnostic process. These include fever, dehydration and metabolic complications, CNS opportunistic infections, neurosyphilis, respiratory conditions, endocrinopathies (problems with the endocrine system), cardiovascular disease, and hyperventilation syndrome. A number of HIV-related medications can cause anxiety as a side effect, especially at first. These include acyclovir, antiretrovirals (e.g., efavirenz), corticosteroids, isoniazid, interferons, interleukin-2, and pentamindine. Anxiety is also a side effect of a variety of medications used for other psychiatric complaints (e.g. depression, delirium). In both cases, the anxiety-producing medication should be replaced. If this isnt possible, the anxiety should be treated, preferably with nonpharmacological methods. Cause the medicine has many side effect to their body. There are three different methods used to successfully treat anxiety disorders: pharmacological, nonpharmacological, or a combination of the two. Each patients experience of an anxiety disorder is unique and must be treated as such. Although many anti-anxiety medications are effective, there are also a number of good nonpharmacological treatments to choose from. When someone suffering from anxiety disorder is already taking a variety of medications, or there is concern about potential complications or interactions between medications, it may be preferable to pursue a nonpharmacological approach (Topà §uoÄÅ ¸lu et al., 2009) Medications used to treat anxiety disorders include SSRIs; benzodiazepines, the most commonly used but potentially causing withdrawal symptoms when stopped; venlafaxine; and buspirone. Other anti-anxiety agents that can be effective include antihistamines, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, neuroleptics, tricyclic antidepressants. Its important to consider drug-drug interactions and potential side effects if the treating physician chooses to treat anxiety with one of these medications. Nonpharmacological treatments of HIV-related anxiety include treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding it does not has side effect. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a food plant withmultiple medical uses, distributed in many countries of the tropicsand subtropics. It has an impressive range of medical uses with high nutritional value. M. oleifera has antibacterial activity and are reported to be rich in antimicrobial agents (Parrota, 2010). These are reported to contain an active antibiotic principle, pterygospermin, which has powerful antibacterial and fungicidal effects to prevent a pain hormonal such as cortisol and sitokinin. These are to be responsible of anxiety if it is in abnormal condition (Lizzy, 2011). In Nutri Moringa Pudding, a similar compound is found to be responsible for the antibacterial effects and it will result GABA, dopamine in body. The possesses antimicrobial activity attributed to the presence of 4-ÃŽÂ ±-L-rhamnosyloxy benzyl isothiocyanate. The aglycone of deoxyniazimicine isolated from the chloroform fraction of an ethanol was found to be responsible for the antibacterial and antifu ngal activities to prevent of pain hormonal secretion, then produce GABA, dopamine, and encephaline. Nutri Moringa Pudding has been shown to possess antifungal activity that showed antibacterial effect against pathogen bacteria in digestivus system. It was found to inhibitthe growth of microorganisms. Different nutritionts of this pudding contain a profile of important minerals, and are a good source of protein, GABA, vitamins, ÃŽÂ ² -carotene, amino acids and various phenolics (Toefilo, 2003). Indonesia has used Moringa oleifera modification such as Nutri Moringa Pudding cause it is plant provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin, ÃŽÂ ² sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol such as Walujo Jati hospital in Kraksaan, Probolinggo, East Java Indonesia used it since 2012 to overcome anxiety, malprotein nutrition, diabetes, and cancer. In addition to its compelling high nutritional value, M. oleifera is very important for its medicinal values. Picture-2. Nutri Moringa Pudding ImplicationPicture-1.GABA-ergic Selected samples were 30 subjects treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding showed the reduction of HIV/AIDS-infected patients with 10 mg/kg GABA-ergic in Moringa Pudding. The result of the post-test by Paired Sample t- test analysis (SPSS 19) with a value oft= 0.008 or P Tabel-2. Hypotetic Resume Pre-post result Z -2.549a Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .008 Based on positive ranks. Paired samle t- Test 10mg GABA in Nutri Moringa Pudding to overcome anxiety disorder. GABA (gamma- aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid. It is the main inhibitory (calming) neurotransmitter in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers between neurons (nerve cells). The body make GABA from glutamine a vital amino acid in the brain (Parrota, 2010). Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. GABA is a natural calming and anti-epileptic and anti anxiety agent . It is vital for proper brain functioning. GABA also helps bodies make endorphins chemicals that make them feel happy. Lizzy (2011) said GABA influences our mood because it reduces high levels of the hormones adrenalin, noradrenalin and dopamine, and it affects the neurotransmitter serotonin. Having enough GABA in the brain is linked to being relaxed and happy. Having too little GABA is linked to the feeeling anxious, sleeping problem insomnia, stressed, tense and depressed. when people are nervous or anxious their brains produce more beta brain waves than alpha brain waves. Taking GABA increases the amount of alpha waves. Alpha waves are linked to clear thinking, good focus and being in the zone or the flow. In these mind states, in which people are focused, calm and productive, they have high amounts of alpha brain wave activity, finally it can increase CD4 of HIV/AIDS-infected patients. This scientific paper has showed the effect of Nutri Moringa Pudding on decreasing of HIV/AIDS-infected patients. The research showed that the GABA, dopamine, and encephaline in Nutri Moringa Pudding may have produced by multiple mechanisms. It was 20-200mg/kg of the GABA in pudding extract, it appeared that supplementation was able to cause a reduction of anxiety in HIV/AIDS-infected patients Pharmachology intervention has many side effect that it can be danger for human. Nutri Moringa Pudding show the innovative of anxiety disorder and it saved for everyone who consumed it. Promotion Nutri Moringa Pudding must be done by physician, nutritionist, health practice, psychologist, consultant, etc. the value added that Nutri Moringa Consumption showed a good result for PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition) cases, cause it has double protein from eggs. The authors are thankful to Her Royal Highness Princess Tantriana Sari Hasan Aminuddin as a Probolinggo Regence for support her delegation in International; also Dr. Anang Budi Yoelijanto (MD) as a Director of Waluyo Jati State Hospital for research funding and international publication; Nutritionist Team (Instalasi Gizi) Waluyo Jati State Hospital for providing the necessary for the preparation of the research; Dr. Mirrah Samiyah (MD), Namira School, and Dr. Frizka Eliza (MD) for preparing the previous research; Daily Newspaper Kedaulatan Rakyat Yogyakarta, Indonesia for National Publication our research; Dr. Alimatus Sahrah, Dr. Ir. Wisnu Adi Yulianto, Mrs. Reny Yuniasanti, Mr. Awan Santosa at Mercu Buana University of Yogyakarta for supporting of academic material research; Mrs. Rumaniyah, Prof. Dr. Sukarti Moeljopawiro at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta Indonesia for programming the simulations; Ms. Ayu Deni Pramita for being our research volunteer; Academic Lecturers at Colle ge and Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand for helping with providing the journal; and our wishes to thank Prof. Dr. L. T. Handoko as a Deputy Chairman for Engineering Sciences Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for helping with writing the article. References Baxter, 2010. The quality of life in Tazmanian on HIV medicine. Massachusetts: MIT, Inc., 9: 132-133. Braet, C., L. Claus, S. Verbeken and L.V. Vlierberghe, 2007. Impulsivity in overweight children. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(8): 473-483. DOI 10.1007/s00787-007-0623-2. Broman, C., 2009. The longitudinal impact of adolescent drug use on socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 18(2): 131-143. [Accessed ERIC Database]. Chris, D., 2012. HIV/AIDS growing and the death of human. United State of America: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 7: 67-69. Daniel, J., M. Hickman, J. Macleod, N. Wiles, A. Lingford Hughes and M. Farrell, 2009. Is socioeconomic status in early life associated with drug use? A systematic review of the evidence. Drug Alcohol Review, 28(2): 142-153. DOI 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00042.x. Daniels, M., 2010. Gallup: Conservatives outnumber liberals 2:1, church attendance rising. Secular News Daily. Available from http:// www.secularnewsdaily.com/2010/06/28/gallup-conservatives- outnumber-liberals-21-church-attendance-rising/ [Accessed August 15, 2010]. Fred, B., 2012. Psikologi Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 14: 43-45. Fredrickson, R., P.J. Snyder, J. Cromer, E. Thomas, M. Lewis and P. Maruff, 2008. The use of effect sizes to characterize the nature of cognitive change in psychopharmacological studies: An example with scopolamine. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experimental, 23(5): 425-436. DOI 10.1002/ hup.942. Gropen, R., N. Clark Chiarelli, C. Hoisington and S. Ehrlich, 2011. The importance of executive function in earlyscience education. Available from http://ltd.edc.org/sites/ltd.edc.org/files/Gropen%20et%20al%20CDP%20in%20press%20122110.pdf[Accessed September 30, 2011]. Haruddin, A., 2012. Studi pelaksanaan HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1: 91-92. Hoshi, R., K. Mullins, C. Boundy, C. Brignell, P. Piccini and H. Curran, 2007. Neurocognitive function in current and exusers of ecstasy in comparison to both matched polydrug using controls and drugnaÃÆ' ¯ve controls. Psychopharmacology, 194(3): 371-379. DOI 10.1007/ s00213-007-0837-5. Jocham, W. and M. Ullsperger, 2009. Neuropharmacology of performance monitoring. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(1): 48-60. DOI 10.1016/ j.neubiorev.2008.08.011. Kennedy, W.O., R. Veasey, A. Watson, F. Dodd, E. Jones, S. Maggini and C.F. Haskell, 2010. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211(1): 55-68. DOI 10.1007/s00213-010-1870-3. Lee, K., 2008. A coverage prevention of HIV/AIDS. Malaysia: Health Ministry, Inc, 1: 22-25. Lizzy, 2011. Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part 4: Potential anticholera agents. European J. Exper. Biol, 6(3): 168-169. McDowell and Newell, 1999. WHO on developing og the quality of life: A review of public policy. International Conference on Public Health. New York: Massachusetts Institute Technology, Inc. Nevid, S., 2012. Kecemasan bagaimana mengatasi penyebabnya. Jakarta :Pustaka Populer Obor, 1: 56. Parrota, J.A., 2010. Healing plants of Peninsular India. Wallingford, UK and New York, NY, USA: CABI Publishing. Phillipe and Cella, 2009. Related health on improving of quality of life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 5: 88. Post and White, 2004. Public health on influencing the quality of life. USA: Springer, Inc. 2: 91. Ruggert and Warner, 2001. The quality of life on HIV medicine. United State of America: Missouri Corp, 8: 110. Seligson and Peterson, 2010. AIDS prevention and treatment: Hope, humor, and healing. New York: Hemisphere Pub, 114. Strongman, K., 2012. The psychiatric of emotion fifth edition from everyday life to theory. New Zealand : Departement of Psychology, University of Canterbury, 2: 201-203. Toefilo, S., 2003. Health plants for human well-being. Minnesota: Minnesota University, Inc, 2: 61-62. Topà §uoÄÅ ¸lu, N.V., O. Fistikci, O. Ekinci, G.A. Gimzal and A.B. Cà ¶mert, 2009. Assessment of executive functions in social phobia patients using the wisconsin card sorting test. Tà ¼rk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(4): 322-331. [Accessed EBSCOhost]. Appendix Picture-3. Nutri Moringa Pudding SachetPicture-4. Nutri Moringa Pudding      Ã‚  

Marxism and Education Essay

The Marxist perspective of education in society can be very questionable because Marxist theorists such as; Louis Althusser, Bowles and Gintis, David Reynolds and Willis all seem to disagree with one another. The first thing I will write about are the strengths. The strengths about the Marxist view are it points out how ideology is transmitted within school via the hidden curriculum, how education legitimises class inequality, it points out the inequalities of both opportunity and outcome on the system and it exposes the myth of meritocracy. From these points I can tell that it tries to believe that teachers are a kind of agent who are trying to wrong the children. Louis Althusser believed that education is an ideological apparatus designed to control children by brainwashing them. Applying this idea allows the hidden curriculum to transmit values which are not intentionally designed to happen. With class inequality it shows that schools are planting a job title on children which will link to their background. For example, a kid from the working class may get a job working at a car manufactures, while a kid from upper class may get a job as a lawyer. But, this really exposes the idea of meritocracy where if you do well at school you will get a good job as a reward. Now, I will write about the weaknesses. The weaknesses are that many working class children do succeed in the education system. It overemphasises class and ignores other structural inequalities: ethnicity and gender, post-modernists would argue that education reproduces diversity not inequality and Marxists can’t seem to agree with each other at all. From these points I can tell that Marxists believe that working class children are a lot less smarter than upper class people but actually this isn’t true because you don’t need to be a higher class to be smarter than anyone else it takes the person to be determined to do it themselves. Also, the teacher could show a lot more favouritism to a specific gender in the class like girls or just as easily be based on the colour of their skin. So, you could be the smartest person in the class but you may be a black girl and I may not pick on you. Post-modernists on the other hand also argue that education reproduces diversity meaning people may not be picked on because of their disability etc. Finally, my last point is that none of the Marxist theorists can’t agree with each other because each theorist believes that their theory is correct and go out trying to criticise everyone else. For example, Bowles and Gintis were criticised by Willis stating that their research wasn’t in depth enough but he could easily be criticised for only researching 12 boys.